Political Leadership Essay

Political Leadership and the Problem of the Charismatic Power Author(s): Carl J. Friedrich Source: The Journal of Politics, Vol. 23, No. 1, (Feb. , 1961), pp. 3-24 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2127069 Accessed: 04/08/2008 17:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=cup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor. org. http://www. jstor. org POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND THE PROBLEM OF THE CHARISMATIC POWER* CARLJ. FRIEDRICH Harvard University. introduced sociology into and its derivatives, THE TERM charisma many years ago by a Germansociologist, has lately been spreading into political science here and abroad. The intellectuals’ desire to sound profound by the use of unfamiliar words may have a share in this fad, but it would seem that the term also responds to a very real need. One recent writer goes so far as to define charisma as â€Å"the right to rule by virtue of what they (the leaders) have been and are. † Needless to say, such vagueness is a far cry from the original usage. 1 In order to be able to assess the utility of the concept of charismatic leadership, charismatic authority (and legitimacy) and charismatic power and rule, it will be necessary to clarify the phenomena of power, rule and leadership which are supposed to be qualified by this quality of being charismatic. Power is a central concern of political science. It is a phenomenon which is universally recognized, but difficult to understand. Like all data of the real world, it defies rigorous definition. Most famous among the attempts at definition is that of Hobbes. He states that â€Å"power is the present means to secure some future apparent good. † (Leviathan Chap. 10) Such a definition (while historically important as a challenge to the traditional notion that what is â€Å"good† can be authoritatively known)2 is both too broad and too narrow. Too broad, because it makes it impossible to distinguish power from wealth; for what is wealth but a present *Based upon a paper delivered at the 1960 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, on September 9, 1960. The problems here discussed will be more fully developed within a systematic context in a forthcoming book on this and related issues. ‘Max Weber, Wirtschaft und GeselIschaft, 1922, Part I, Chap. 3, paras. 1014; Part III, Chap. 9, and elsewhere. An abbreviated edition of Talcott Parsons and Henderson was published under the title The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. The discussion of charisma and charismatic leadership is found on pp. 358ff. The statement quoted on charisma is found in M. S. Lipsett, Political Man (1959) p. 49. 2Hobbes, in consequence, denied the notion of a â€Å"summum bonum†; these Doints were rightly stressed in comments by David Spitz. [3] 4 THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS [Vol. 23 means to secure some future apparent good? Hobbes’ reply to such an objection would have been, of course, that wealth is a â€Å"form† of power; he says as much in the discussion that follows his definition. Whatever may be the argument here on broad philosophical grounds, it is operationally important today to draw this distinction, in order to differentiate political from economic concerns and thus politics from economics. Actually so broad a definition as Hobbes’ really identifies power with the totality of resources available to a man to realize his values or purposes. If power is thus defined, what does it mean to say that â€Å"life is but a ceaseless search for power after power unto death†-the famous claim of Hobbes and recited to this day? It simply says that men seek that which they desire, which is little short of tautological. But Hobbes’ definition is not only too broad; it is also too narrow. For it talks of power as if it were a thing, something to have and to hold, and may be to sit upon like a bag of gold. Power at times possesses this quality, but at other times not at all, and it is important to see it in its dual nature, because only this Janusfaced quality gives to power the perplexing dynamic quality which men feel but find it difficult to account for. Power is not only a thing, a possession, but it is also a relation, as Locke insists in his Essay on Human Understanding (Bk. II, Chap 21) where he states are â€Å"(powers relations, not agents. † If power is looked at in the dimension of time, it becomes clear that its relational quality is the more evident, the longer the time span involved. For it is in the rise and the decline of political power, whether of individuals or of larger groups that the relational quality, the fact that power is always power over other men, becomes evident. In a certain sense, therefore, it is possible to say that the stress upon its quality as a thing, a possession to have and to hold, is the result of an illusion. But such a statement is not wholly justified. Due to the institutionalization of power relationships, presently to be discussed, the power attached to a certain office is a thing, a possession to have and to hold. To be sure, the office may be lost as a result of the way the power is used, but while the office is held, the power is in the hands of him who holds it. Therefore it is appropriate to say that power is to some extent 8It is curious and has been noted occasionallythat Locke in his Essays on Civil Government (I1,4) builds the argument upon Hobbes’ concept, though the other notion, implicit in his general philosophy, also plays its part. 1961] POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND CHARISMATIC POWER 5 a possession p(l), and to some extent a relation p(2). It is the ratio of the two ingredients which political science must continuously be concerned with. The difference between political phenomena in which the ratio of p(l) and p(2) is greater than one, and those in which the ratio of p(l) to p(2) is smaller than one is familiar to the study of politics. The first is typically a stabilized office, such as that of an hereditary monarch, or of an official of a firmly established republic. The second ratio, p (l)

Black Man with a Nose Job Essay

The article, Black man with a Nose job by Lawrence Otis Graham basically talks about how Mr. Graham got a nose job. The reading has plenty of controversies whether he is less black due to him narrowing his nose. This was a really interesting article because there were several critiques regarding his nose in which he described very well. This man was born into a generation were the concept of oxymoron included such things as a black man with a nose job. The reading starts on were Graham and his father are in the car driving to his doctor. During the way over there he faces with several people who are really concerned about him. Moving on from this, graham thinks about how his father would take it. As they arrived to the plastic surgeon he starts to see catalogs and magazines to what nose he would like to have. As he chooses the doctor gives his opinion to him whether it will look good or not. Once he was in the Manhattan’s upper west side to have his rhinoplasty done, Graham stopped and thought that having this done it was an assault to his identity and people. Growing up in a white neighborhood were all of them would get a cosmetic surgery Graham says, it was done to look better in his situation these alterations were made due to issues of ethnicity and heritage. As said in the book he never compared to a white man but surely he did with his own people. Overall, this article is really interesting because it has plenty of other topics such as on how other people of different races as well have done a surgery and have not seem to be different from their own people. As mentioned in the book one’s racial identity is not embodied in one’s nose. This means that it shouldn’t be a problem because you are the same person who grew up in that race. The article mentioned self hatred of being an accusation done for anyone who has done a surgery. This is really hard to explain but in my opinion self hatred in general can be a problem for people who have a low self-esteem about themselves. If you were born with several, in my opinion people shouldn’t change it. People should be happy and appreciate were they come from. These issues will never change because we are in a world where the media really portrays many things for looking better. Everyone will always want to have what other people have but just as the article says it will not make you less of which ever ethnicity you come from.

Highschool Grade Guides

Work 1 on 1 with a consultant from a top school on every aspect of your application, including your college essays. Get your college essay reviewed fast— as quickly as 1.5 hours — by our expert essay editing team. Improve your score and prepare for the SAT online with your own tutor and our proven curriculum. Build up your high school resume during 9th-11th grade by working with one of our mentors from a top school! Join thousands of students and parents getting exclusive high school, test prep, and college admissions information. Check out our guides for each year of high school. Don’t see your grade here? Sign up for our email list to get notified when we add it. We’ve outlined what high school freshman should focus on during this important year! All high school sophomores should read this guide to make the most of 10th grade. We’ll send you valuable information to help you strengthen your profile and get ready for college admissions.

Design user interface of interactive systems Essay - 1

Design user interface of interactive systems - Essay Example Keeping in view the stakeholders and the requirements of the proposed system, the first idea for the dashboard design is to consolidate and arrange the required information in a way that it would be displayed on a single screen to inform the user regarding the desired weather conditions. In the first idea it is proposed that the widgets including daily and weekly temperature along with seven days of the week would be shown at the left side bar on the dashboard screen, whereas, the images (sunny, cloudy, rainy) along with location screen would be displayed at the middle and right below corner of the dashboard. And the remaining widgets including the date and location (user input) for determining the weather forecast would be placed horizontally at the top of the screen. In the second idea, it is proposed that all the information would be displayed on the weather forecast image i-e sunny, cloudy or rainy. The information includes: the minimum and maximum temperature of daily and weekly along with each of the upcoming week. Moreover, the user input would also be taken from the same screen of the dashboard. After the brainstorming session and keeping in view the stakeholders and requirements of the system, it has been decided to select the first idea of the dashboard design for developing the Wireframe. The justification for selecting the first idea over the second idea is the simplicity, easy to use (usability), all the contents are separated by sections to differentiate between the user input as well as the output. Whereas, the second idea would contain all the information on the image, therefore, it might cause to confuse the users. The conceptual design tools have helped me out to determine the contents of the design along with their placement. The brainstorming sessions, card sort, semantic networks, and cognitive walk-through tools assist me to determine new widgets for the weather forecast system

Critical Review about Postgraduate Research Methods Essay

Critical Review about Postgraduate Research Methods - Essay Example The author defined the glass ceiling as those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organization into management-level positions. Since the feminist movement gained power since the late sixties of the twentieth century the women began to think that they should gain the power and authority among the men community. As a result they from the very beginning women placed themselves to the other side of the discussion. Nowadays women are trying to prove their self-dependence, putting aside the case of that they had begun this confrontation. To show the relevance of the problem, the author shows some statistic data about salary inequities between women and men. She asks following questions: Why are women still paid substantially less than men are Why does the glass ceiling stay in place And why does much of the popular press do its best to paint a rosy picture of job prospects for women The main purpose of Brenda's research was to identify factors that support and perpetuate the glass ceiling for women in public relations and corporate communications management. The author points out, that many researchers in management have attempted to isolate factors contributing to sex segregation and sex discrimination. After analysis of their work she made a conclusion that the body of knowledge is contributed in two very important ways: First, it highlights the need for research about women, research frequently marginalized in both the academic and business arenas. Second, it has begun to suggest factors that create and maintain the glass ceiling in corporate public relations and communications. The author describes in details research problem and its reflection in literature. The research project assumes the glass ceiling as an important area for further study for several reasons that are enumerated by the author. Feminization of the field means that although women make up more than half of the U.S. population their representation in management in public relations and many other fields is a much smaller percentage. The author points out that this limits opportunities for women and the organizations that could benefit from their contributions. Vrenda emphasizes that women in public relations have difficulty being treated equally in terms of advancement and salary. She looks at nature of today's business climate and remarks that the pressure on organizations to practice public relations as more of a two-way communication process becomes even more urgent. The author suggests the following points for consideration: 1: Do women in corporate public relations and communications management perceive a glass ceiling to be in place 2: What factors do women think help to create or maintain the glass ceiling for women in public relations and communications 3: What strategies are there for women in public relations and communications who want to work to eliminate the glass ceiling These are the main questions of the research. In the research the author used qualitative methods because, as the author explained it, the factors contributing to the glass ceiling have not yet been clearly delineated. The study used focus groups (one pretest and two subsequent focus groups) and depth interviews (a total of 10 interviews). Nevertheless, the author uses statistic to show the tendency of nowadays situation in case that groups are too small to show off the full idea. That is reasonable because

NFL Personnel Hiring for market plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NFL Personnel Hiring for market plan - Essay Example This was done in order to guarantee a large audience-not everyone can make it to the stadiums. Some of the television stations include NFL network, ESPN, FOX and NBC. Some of the radio stations owned by the NFL include Westwood one, Sports USA and the United Stations Radio Networks. (Green Berg, 2007) Players in the NFL all belong to a union called the NFLPA. This union has the mandate to negotiate contracts for players. The players are governed by a contract called the CBA. Players are only allowed to play for teams that endorse them. Other older players are allowed to negotiate their contracts with other teams after a certain number of years. The contract signed by the players and the NFL has regulations regarding salary packages and it stipulates what are the minimum and maximum amounts to be paid to players. The NFL has a peculiar way of picking out its players. It normally uses the NFL draft. Teams usually endorse a player and earn the right to keep him. However, trades can be made for players from other teams upon agreement by the first team that chose him. The NFL requires that the Franchise owners pay an amount of fifty dollars when they appear for drafting. This is normally done annually in the month of April. There are specific amounts given to those who get first, second and third place. Franchise owners are allowed to make moves as soon as the draft is complete. They also have to pay a small amount for every interchange made in order to finance an award at the season's end. (Sands, 2002) Once these players have been selected by their teams, they are allowed to play in any position within the team that chose them. Franchise owners are supposed to choose players from six categories that include quarterbacks, kickers, defenders, running backs, tight ends and wide receivers. Each category has a maximum number allowed by the league. Franchise owners should submit in names of players that will participate in the expected week's game from all the categories listed above. Trade offs between franchise-owners for players are permitted only after notifying the commissioner. In addition, there must both agree to the terms of the deal. This can only be done within a stipulated amount of time. Franchise owners must make sure they do not exceed the deadline. Waivers can be done all through the season after payment of a specified fee. In addition, there must be a notification to the franchise owners that a player has been waived. (Ed Gruver, 1997) The League can overrule a player trade off that has been done unfairly. This could be possible when a team has taken a player in order to weaken a certain team and to strengthen itself unfairly. Franchise owners can also conduct a vote that overrules decisions by the commissioner. Names chosen by Franchise owners must be free of offence. This is especially in regard to players' wives. The commissioner can also reject names that are deregulatory or stupid. As franchise owners enter the league, they ought to submit their logos. Lastly, there is a provision for a modification of the rules after the end of the season. Here, there must be a unanimous vote by franchise owners. How the last Franchise expansion was done There are a number of franchise expansions that have characterized the National Football League. A good example is the Houston Texans Team. This expansion was done in the year 1997 by franchise owner Bob McNair. He wanted to bring

Traditional News Release Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Traditional News Release - Assignment Example otors discovered that the temperament and mysterious feelings of Johnny Depp are consistent and compatible with the new collections motor designing proposed by Ford Motors. As part of the endorsement, Ford will sponsor the 2014 online action movie of Depp and the company will use â€Å"Mysterious trip with Johnny Depp† as their online advertisement through you-tube. Besides, Ford Motors will design a concept van with twin turbo to be used by Depp in the new movie. The media meeting for finalization of the endorsement event is scheduled for March 24, 2013, at Dearborn, Ford Headquarters. SOUNDBITE 1: Alan Mulally (12 seconds) â€Å"Johnny Depp is perfect for Ford Motor’s new collection. Ford Focus is the main push car next year. We add more mystery style in its core design concept. Mr. Depp has that mysterious and noble temperament.† SOUNDBITE 2: Johnny Depp (9 seconds) â€Å"I am a big fan of Ford cars, and I had a Ford Fusion in high school. I feel excited and honor to be chose as the new spokesman of Ford, and I look forward to our cooperation.

Individual academic and practical 'state-of-the-art' report Essay

Individual academic and practical 'state-of-the-art' report - Essay Example The perspective of the entrepreneur and the management of new venture is clearly seen through the fact that real entrepreneur should see the opportunity for creating and managing this venture. It is stated, that 'the fundamental activity of entrepreneurship is new venture creation'. (Carland, Hoy & Carland, 1988) However, it is also argumentative, whether this statement should be added with the more specific characteristics as for profitability of this enterprise. This is a dubious aspect, as ventures are initially different, and often entrepreneurship is meant for creation of non-profit enterprise, but in any case the recognition of the opportunity is the basic factor of entrepreneurship and is the start of new venture creation and management. This recognition of opportunity can be recognized through the two different views: a) the opportunity for the formation of a new venture; b) the opportunity for the significant improvement of the already existing venture. One of the most important perspectives of entrepreneurship in venture management is recognition of these opportunities, because on the one hand without this recognition new ventures would not be created or improved, and on the other hand, this recognition is the display of these very entrepreneurial characteristics of the person. Thus, they may partially be equated. However, entrepreneurship cannot be limited to the search and recognition of opportunities. It is of course an everlasting process in managing any new venture, because any action the entrepreneur has to take to improve or change the business is again the recognition of new opportunity for this change and improvement, as well as profitable use of this opportunity. 'Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying opportunities, marshalling the resources needed to take advantage of the opportunities, and creating a new venture for the purposes of providing needed products/ services to customers and achieving a profit.' (Fletcehr, 2006) It is meaningful, that the world 'entrepreneur' is taken from a French verb which is translated as 'to undertake'. The word 'undertaking' is core for defining the essence of entrepreneurship. It means that a person is able and willing to take certain steps on his (her) own initiative for the achievement of the certain set goals. Another perspective of the entrepreneur when managing new venture can be seen through the fact that entrepreneurship involves risks, and the risk of failure for new ventures is especially high. This is why in order to be successful in managing a new venture the entrepreneur should be able to take decisions and to tolerate the conditions of risk, not only surviving in them, but developing and expanding business. Venture entrepreneurship is somewhat different from the innovation entrepreneurship. (Aldrich & Martinez, 2001) While venture entrepreneurship is connected with the creation of the new ventures, and as a result, of new jobs and positive growth of GDP, innovation entrepreneurship will later be discussed in this work and is connected with the improvements made in already existing enterprises. Comparing these two kinds of entrepreneurship, it is appropriate to suggest that while newly created ventures are mostly small, but

'Employees cannot be motivated with money' Discuss Essay

'Employees cannot be motivated with money' Discuss - Essay Example from GE since as a company it has been focused on HR and committed to its employees in many ways which go beyond the norms of motivation as compared to other companies. It has an innovative way of rewarding employees who uphold the values considered important by GE and this has given the company the respect and admiration of many business gurus (Demos, 2006). While the rewards for working at GE are many, the reward selection process uses a ranking system that connects with both the process and content theories by punishes those employees who do perform up to the expected level. The overall effect of GE’s motivation techniques has been very positive and is well regarded by industry experts therefore it becomes a good example for matching with the theories of motivation. A theory based on content considers the idea that individuals are motivated by inner desires to fulfil their needs and such fulfilment can come from their work if the work they do is able to combine the rewards for working with their desires. The primary work in this branch of motivation comes form Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which includes five levels including the basic needs of nourishment, second order needs for safety and security, third order needs for social affiliations, fourth order needs for esteem and fifth order needs for self-actualization of the individual. Clearly while the first, second and third order needs might be fulfilled by having enough money, fourth and fifth order needs might not be obtainable just by getting a salary alone. GE is one company that recognises this and uses a peer recognition system called QuickThanks! to show appreciation of the work done by one member of the company to another. Kerr (1996) gives an inside view of what happens at GE where this program is used for increasing the level of motivation of employees. Broadly speaking, this system allows employees to nominate other employees (even across departments) with a $25 gift certificate for certain

Global marketing strategy and product launch Essay

Global marketing strategy and product launch - Essay Example Besides providing an opportunity to the people to go beyond the ordinary, Dinner in the Sky’s mission is to provide a perfect environment to the customers with friendly services and utmost satisfaction (Mills et al, 2003). The restaurant marks its presence in more than 15 countries (Dinnerinthesky.com, 2012). The focus and the gist of this report would be to present the opportunity which the market of Pakistan presents Dinner in the Sky and to present a marketing plan and an audit of the market in order to successfully launch Dinner in the Sky in Pakistan. ... The idea of taking the diners literally in the sky and serving scrumptious food is being widely accepted throughout where the restaurant operates. The restaurant’s main aim is to provide a service and an experience which no one else in the market is providing. The big idea is to cater the client’s lavish needs of conducting their events such as important meetings, marriages etc in the sky but the primary purpose of the entity is to provide an ultimate dining experience to the customers. The restaurant’s vision is to mark its presence globally and promote the idea throughout the world (Dinnerinthesky.com, 2012). In line with the restaurant’s aim to promote the idea globally, Dinner in the Sky will launch its services in Karachi, which is the business hub of Pakistan. The market presents a good opportunity to the restaurant with a growing middle class. As the economic trend show a rise of investment and economic activity in the Asian countries, Dinner in the Sky must grab this business opportunity. Not only the economic side seems favorable but the marketing aspect of the market in accordance with Dinner in the Sky’s aims and objectives compliment the launching of the venture (Hotel, Restaurant & Tourism Directory of Pakistan, 2009; State Bank of Pakistan, 2011). 2 Environmental Analysis: 2.1 Political and Economic Analysis: Karachi, as mentioned above is the business hub of Pakistan. Apart from that, Karachi also is a home of people coming from many cultures and background. This becomes reason for some political disturbance in the city however, the higher end areas of the city, i.e. Clifton, Muhammad Ali Jinnah Society, Tariq Road, Defense Housing Authority remain calm (Hashmi, 1965). Apart from this, the economy of Pakistan is growing at a steady rate. Its

Speech on Friendship Essay Example for Free

Speech on Friendship Essay If you think about it, though, we should embrace going back to school. When the day comes that there’s no school to go back to, we’ll miss it more than we think. There is no other time in our lives where we’ll experience anything like what we’re experiencing now. Never again will your biggest worries in life be about that science homework you didn’t finish, or why â€Å"Amirul† is ignoring you, or the horrible possibility of getting a pimple every Monday . Never again will you be a part of a community where an age difference of a year matters so much, and the moving up a grade, from junior to senior, seems so significant. I have some advice . Whether you stepped in , in this school this morning as an incoming freshman , or as a five years student or as a returning to school after 2 weeks of absence , remember this starting today , i always remember the words in a cartoon movie Chicken little , that is â€Å"every day is new day ! †, everyone has those first day butterflies. Who isn’t worried about grades, teachers, drama, or even getting to school on time? The best way to start a new school day right is to be prepared. Here are some tips to help you to make today and everyday as your best one yet . Wake up early, set your goals , meet new people , get involved , get organized and the most important is to have a positive attitude . Dear friends , Our secondary school years are the defining times in our lives that shape who we are, where we are going, and what we are going to do. Aside from this, they allow us to build strong friendships with people. We get to see which people are going to be there for the rest of our lives and those who will just disappear over the years. A friend is someone who is there for you, through it all. Through the pressure, boys, and drama, they are the one constant thing in your life that never fades away. I have realized at age eighteen that friends are not something you should take lightly, if we have found even just a couple of friends we are blessed. They are the people that we sing our lungs out in the car singing â€Å"Set fire to the rain†, the people we cry to, and the most importantly the people who will always have a shoulder to lean on. It is important to evaluate your relationships with your friends. You can see if they are the people you can go to with anything or if they are just another face in the crowd when you have a serious issue going on. Secondary school is the defining time in our life to find ourselves and break loose from our shells Lastly , Nowhere else but in school is there such a community. For despite the separation between grades, despite the clear distinction that comes with being juniors, and seniors, high schools have such a sense of school unity. While to us the grades we’re in make a difference, in the big picture every student at your school belongs to the same institution, is unified under the same name, is roused up by the same mascot at football games and collaborates to beat other schools in sports and academics. Secondary school is a wonderfully unique experience that many don’t appreciate until it’s too late. So instead of dreading the return to school in holidays at the end of the year, get excited about it. Like all of our parents and teachers like to tell us, you only go to high school once. In conclusion , Sure, there’s been sadness, mistakes, and let downs, but you can’t forget the good times, and you can’t ignore the photographs you took. Secondary school is an experience. I believe we should all make the most of it. May Smk Skudai will be the greatest memory of all .

Arguments for and Against Genetically Modified Food Essay Example for Free

Arguments for and Against Genetically Modified Food Essay Biotechnology involves any technique that uses living organisms or parts there of to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals or to develop micro organisms for specific uses (Dr Sriwatanapongse, www. afic. org) In the past century weve have been lucky enough to stumble upon one of the basic building blocks of organisms, DNA. In recent years scientists have been able to develop ways in which they can manipulate, alter, and transfer DNA in forms that can help improve our lives. One way in which DNA research has been used to improve our lifestyle, is by engineering the deoxyribonucleic acid into ways which can alter food supplies to make them bigger, taste better, resistant to pests and even make them have a greater concentration of nutrients. Of course this is great news to the human population, in terms of economic and life-saving values for third world countries, yet there are still disadvantages. With all the good news that comes from these altered crops, concerns are still among people. These concerns include; whether or not these alterations will affect humans in a negative way, or how they will impact the environment. Genetically engineering crops might play a significant role in increasing crop yield therefore allowing the world to feed more people while using less land. A recent study on bioengineered crops concluded that these crops are safe and can improve production dramatically. To date, total acres of biotech crops harvested exceed more than 1 billion with a proven 10-year history of safe use. Over the next decade, expanded adoption combined with current research on 57 crops in 63 countries will broaden the advantages of genetically modified foods for growers, consumers and the environment. (www. monsanto. com) Those opposing the genetically altered crops state that One major detriment to genetically engineered food is that there has been no adequate testing to ensure that extracting genes from useful functions will yield the same results in different applications and species (www. govhs. org). Predictions of future are that, consumers are able to get foods that last longer, taste better and are more nutritious than the current foods. There will also an even greater variety of foods all year round. These products will be made possible through genetic engineering, and some of them are already available. For centuries, farmers grew plants to produce special foods with unique characteristics: better taste, higher yield or greater resistance to drought or frosts. History shows, that five thousand years ago in Peru, potatoes were grown selectively. Plants, which produced potatoes with attractive characteristics, such as higher yields, were used to produce future plants. More than two thousand years ago, tree grafting was used by the Greeks to Gain a more fruit in orchards. Now, we have genetically engineered food that has been discovered and now offers a faster and more reliable method of establishing new traits in plants to provide foods that are better tasting, more nutritious or more in amount. Although all of this may seem futuristic, such crops do already exist. Not only have these crops been in laboratories for decades, but they have been in the market for years. Humans have only just begun to realize the benefits of these genetically altered foods. Genetically altered foods allow a wide selection of things to improve upon. Some altered abilities already exists in our fruits and vegetables, these include: pest, disease and herbicide. By using genetic engineering, plants that resist disease, pests or insects can be developed. This means that less chemicals, such as pesticides, are required. In the near future scientists hopefully will be able to improve the drought resistance of most crop species and could have major implications for crops grown in dry areas (www.abc. net. au/news). Weather resistance Plants could and can be developed to better withstand extreme weather conditions such as drought or frosts. Genetically engineering foods make crops easier to maintain and lower the cost in maintenance. One benefit of altered foods which is often overlooked is the Improved processing characteristics of these foods, leading to reduced waste and lower food costs to the consumer. Foods are being developed to contain more vitamins, minerals, protein and less saturated fat. For example, fruits and vegetables with higher levels of antioxidant vitamins may reduce cardiovascular disease risk and help reduce the risk of certain cancers (www. americanheart. org). The world population is expected to double to more than 10 billion people by the year 2050. Food biotechnology can help meet the increasing demand for food. By increasing a crops ability to withstand environmental factors, growers will be able to farm in parts of the world currently unsuitable for crop production. Along with additional food, this could also provide economies of developing nations with much-needed jobs and greater productivity. Genetically engineered foods seem to have solved all the problems farmers and growers have had for years. Unfortunately all the positive effects of altered foods seem to mask the reality behind these perfect crops. Some of the disadvantages of altered crops include the possibility of mutations. Plant breeders have induced mutations in selected plants by treating them with chemicals or radiation; however this is costly and unpredictable (Microorganisms, biotechnology and Disease). Genetic engineering changes the nature of the food eaten. It can cause unexpected mutations in an organism, which can create new and higher levels of toxins in foods. Genetic engineering can produce unknown allergens in foods. Some foods may be implanted with the ability to produce antibiotics. This may help the plant, but if these plants that are infected with bacteria emerge new strands of bacteria that may become resistant to the most advanced antibiotics, there will be a problem. With herbicide-resistant crops, weeds may evolve to also become herbicide resistant. The spread of diseases across specific species may also become a factor because of a loss of ? bio-diversity in crops. When crops are altered for specific abilities, they are then mass produced. They are the only type of species grown in field of thousands. Because of this, the species will only be able to pass on to all generations the same DNA. Once started, they may not be easily controlled or contained. It makes the crops hard to calculate. Unfortunately the biggest problem raised from new modified foods is the fact that the public is unaware of how it works and the results behind the genetically modified food. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic code in living organisms. About twenty five years ago, scientists began to understand how DNA worked. From this ways for speeding up breeding processes were understood to a degree. Agricultural scientists today can identify the genes that carry specific traits they want, such as ? disease resistance or ? nutrient content and transfer those genes to a plant, therefore creating a transgenic organism. Genetic engineering is the process of artificially modifying these ? blueprints. By cutting and splicing DNA, engineers can transfer genes specific to one type of organism into any other organism. Some organisms have been enhanced through biotechnology such as; tomatoes, that go ? soft more slowly and so remain on the vine for longer. This gives them more colour and flavour. Also, virus resistant papyrus and squash, that make the crop more dependable. Genetically modified food seems to have already changed the world today. Many countries are already considering making more of their crops with genetically engineered properties. Scientists have gained a vast knowledge of genetic engineering and are now able to make many possibilities. Genetically engineered food has brought a lot of commercial benefits; increased crops quality, harvesting quantity, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, nutrient supplementation and more. Not only have the crops improved, but more crops are produced in less space. Although the benefits of bioengineering seem fantastic, there are still many mysteries left to understand in such a vast field of understanding. Genetic engineering might cause serious consequences to our future life as well next generations to come. Deeper insight into genetic engineering may be all that is needed for us to gain truly unlimited advantage from such a vast scientific field.

Removal of TBP From Aqueous Phase

Removal of TBP From Aqueous Phase ABSTRACT PUREX process involves the use of 30% TBP in Dodecane to extract the fissile materials. However, due to mutual solubility some amount of TBP gets transferred into the aqueous phase. This transferred TBP leads to many environmental problems. Removal of this TBP from aqueous phase is of prime concern which can be done by contacting it with an organic diluent. UNIFAC and Uniquac methods have been used to describe Liquid Liquid equilibrium (LLE) in TBP-Diluent-HNO3 system. Uniquac and UNIFAC Group interaction parameters have been founded to fit the experimental data. Various metal nitrates are also present in the organic phase. These metal nitrates affect the solubility of TBP in aqueous phase. Metal nitrates like Sodium and Calcium nitrate have also been incorporated in model to find out interaction parameters in the presence of metal nitrates like Sodium and Calcium. The obtained parameters will be useful in predicting LLE for the above system and will aid in safe disposal of nuclear w aste. INTRODUCTION Reprocessing of the used nuclear fuel has always been carried out to reduce the volume of high level radioactive waste and also for their safe disposal. The plutonium uranium extraction (PUREX) process is widely used for reprocessing. This process uses 30% Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in an inert paraffinic diluent for the separation of uranium and plutonium from the aqueous phase containing nitric acid. Mutual solubility of aqueous and the organic phase leads to the transfer of certain finite amount of TBP in aqueous phase. This transferred TBP decomposes very slowly in the presence of water and nitric acid by hydrolysis to lower organo-phosphate acids at normal operating temperatures leading to many environmental problems. Removal of such dissolved TBP is of direct interest in reprocessing processes as this would enable manifold evaporation of aqueous stream without harming the environment. Various metal elements are also present in the highly radioactive liquid waste solution in ni trate form. The salting out of TBP takes place in the presence of these inorganic nitrates in the aqueous phase. Studies in the presence of various metal nitrates will aid in efficient removal of TBP from aqueous phase. In order to predict the extent to which TBP could be removed from aqueous phase, a model must be developed to predict the phase behaviour. Such models can be used for designing remediation projects. Estimation of activity coefficients of the mixtures is important for predicting the phase behaviour In order to predict the extent of mass transfer, chemical compositions of the two-phase system at equilibrium needs be predicted first. Investigators have used various models to predict the LLE. Cheng et al. have calculated the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the system HNO3-TBP-n-C7H16.The activity coefficient of nitric acid was calculated using Pitzer’s equation and those of the components in organic phase was derived from experimental data. Ding et al. have calculated the activity coefficient for 20 binary and 7 ternary systems composed of nC6H14, nC7H16, nC8H18, C6H6, cy-C6H6, CCl4, CHCl3, (C4H9)3PO4 and UO2(NO3)2.2((C4H9)3PO4) using head-space gas chromatography. The results are compared with Scatchard-Hilderbald, NRTL and UNIQUAC models. Li et al. has calculated the Vapor-Liquid and Vapor-Liquid-Liquid equilibria of 19 tributyl phosphate systems. Aqueous phase activity coefficients are calculated using Pitzer’s equation. UNIFAC method is used for correlating and predicting the data in organic phase. All the above authors have done work on the systems in the absence of metal nitrates. Intera ction parameters for systems in the presence of metal nitrates have not been reported yet. The objective of the present work to find the UNIFAC and Uniquac group interaction parameters regressed for the experimental data for three systems. These systems comprise of TBP-diluent-HNO3, TBP-diluent-HNO3-NaNO3, TBP-diluent-HNO3-Ca(NO3)2. These parameters will aid in predicting the equilibrium and calculating the number of stages for designing the equipment to remove dissolved TBP. LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIA The organic phase consists of (1) diluent (NPH), (2) TBP, (3) TBP.HNO3 The dissolution of TBP in NPH and HNO3 can be represented by eq 1and eq 2. xTBPorg (TBP)x org(1) TBPorg + H+aq + NO3-aq HNO3.TBPorg (2) where the subscripts aq and org denote the species in the aqueous and organic phase. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant for reaction (2) can be calculated as a HNO3.TBP(org) a 3 (3) K == a H+(aq) a NO3-(aq) a TBP(org)a2 ±HNO3 a 2 x3 ÃŽ ³3 K = (4) m ±2 ÃŽ ³Ã‚ ±2 x2 ÃŽ ³2 where a is the thermodynamic activity, x is the mole fraction of the component in the organic phase and ÃŽ ³ is the corresponding activity coefficient. m ± is the mean molality concentration of electrolyte in the aqueous phase and ÃŽ ³Ã‚ ± is the mean ionic activity coefficient of corresponding electrolytes. Similar procedure as described by Chen et al has been used to predict the LLE with one extraction reaction. Mean ionic activity coefficient of electrolytes Pitzer equation is used to calculate the mean ionic coefficient of HNO3 in all the cases and of Ca(NO3)2, NaNO3 in the presence of metal nitrates. lnÃŽ ³Ã‚ ± = Aà Ã‚ ¤+ m (5) where b=1.2, ÃŽ ±=2, AÉ ¸ = 0.391. I is the ionic strength of solution. The Pitzer parameters for HNO3, NaNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 are listed in Table 1. Activity Coefficients of components in organic phase can be estimated using UNIFAC and Uniquac equation. UNIFAC EQUATION In a multi-component mixture, the UNIFAC equation for the activity coefficient of component i is given by Equation 3.1. ln ÃŽ ³i = ln ÃŽ ³iC +ln ÃŽ ³iR (6) The combinatorial part of the UNIFAC model considers the shape and the size of the molecules in the mixture. ln ÃŽ ³iC = 1 – Ji + ln Ji – 5qi( ln (É ¸i /ÃŽËœi )+ 1 – (É ¸i /ÃŽËœi ) ) (7) where, Ji = ( É ¸i /xi) The molecule volume fraction É ¸i , and the molecule surface area fraction ÃŽËœi , are given by respectively, É ¸i = xi*ri/∑j xj*rj and ÃŽËœi = xi*qi/∑j xj*qj (8) In Equations (3.3), relative molecular volume rs, and relative molecule surface area q, are given by ri = ∑k ÃŽ ½k(i)* Rk and qi = ∑k ÃŽ ½k(i)* Qk (9) The quantity vk is the number of subgroups of type k in a molecule of species i. ri is the relative molecular volume and qi is the relative molecular surface area. Group parameters Rk and Qk are reported by Fredenslund et al. The residual part of the activity coefficient is given by Equation 10. ln ÃŽ ³iR = ∑k ÃŽ ½k(i )[ ln à Ã¢â‚¬Å"k – ln à Ã¢â‚¬Å"k(i) ] (10) where, k denotes each group in the mixture ÃŽ ½k(i ) is the number of groups of type k in molecule i à Ã¢â‚¬Å"k is the group residual activity coefficient à Ã¢â‚¬Å"k(i) is the residual activity coefficient of group k in a reference solution containing only molecules of type i. The group residual activity coefficient is found by Equation 11. ln à Ã¢â‚¬Å"k = Qk [ 1- ln(∑m ÃŽËœm ψmk) ∑m (ÃŽËœm ψkm /∑n ÃŽËœn ψnm ) ] (11) where, Qk is a group surface area parameter ÃŽËœm is the area fraction of group m ψmn is the group energy of interaction parameter ψmn = exp(-amn + bmn/T) (12) Where, amn and bmn is the group-interaction parameter. T is the temperature Group assignment as proposed by Chen et al. has been followed. C7H16, TBP and TBP.HNO3 has been broken down into groups CH3, CH2, (CH2O)3PO, HNO3.(CH2O)3PO. Group volume and surface parameters for above groups have been reported by Cheng et al. The UNIQUAC model thus consists of two terms: a combinatorial or entropic term, a residual or enthalpic term. The combinatorial and the residual terms are identical to the terms used in the traditional UNIQUAC equation. The combinatorial, entropic term is ln ÃŽ ³iC = ln(É ¸i/xi) +1 (É ¸i/xi) – (z/2)*qi [ ln(É ¸i/ÃŽËœi) + 1- (É ¸i/ÃŽËœi) ] (13) z = 10 is the co-ordination number. xi is the mole fraction, É ¸i is the volume fraction, ÃŽËœi and is the surface area fraction of component i. É ¸i = xi*ri/∑j xj*rj and ÃŽËœi = xi*qi/∑j xj*qj (14) ri and qi are volume and surface area parameters for component i. The residual, enthalpic term is ln ÃŽ ³iR = qi [ 1 – ln( ∑k ÃŽËœkψki) ∑k ÃŽËœkψik/(∑l ÃŽËœlψlk) (15) The parameter ψki is given by ψki = exp(-uki-uii/T) (16) uki and uii are interaction energy parameters. Uniquac r and q parameters for C7H16, TBP and TBP.HNO3 have been reported by Li et al. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION EQUILIBRIUM PREDICTION. The following equations can be used to predict equilibrium x1 + x2 + x3 = 1 (17) x20 = (x2 + x3)/( x1 + x2 + x3) (18) x3 ÃŽ ³3 K = (19) m ±2 ÃŽ ³Ã‚ ±2 x2 ÃŽ ³2 ÃŽ ³2 and ÃŽ ³3 values have been calculated using UNIFAC and Uniquac equation. Knowing equilibrium constant K, m ± calculated mole fractions can be found out., The group interaction parameters are regressed by Least Square Technique to minimize the error between experimental and calculated mole fraction values. The obtained regressed group interaction values in the absence of metal nitrates, in the presence of NaNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 using Uniquac and UNIFAC have been listed in Table. The standard absolute deviation of components in the organic phase is listed in table. The experimental and calculated values of mole fractions have been reported graphically in fig CONCLUSION The experimental mole fraction data were correlated using UNIFAC and Uniquac model. The Uniquac and UNIFAC group interaction parameters are capable of predicting mole fraction for TBP-Diluent-HNO3 in the absence and presence of metal nitrates. Thus these can be effectively used to predict the equilibrium for the removal of dissolved TBP in Nuclear engineering. UNIFAC gives a better prediction as compared to Uniquac in all the cases LIST OF TABLES Pitzer parameters for calculation of mean ionic activity coefficient Uniquac Group interaction parameters in the absence of metal nitrates Unifac Group interaction parameters in the absence of metal nitrates Uniquac Group interaction parameters in the presence of Sodium metal nitrate Unifac Group interaction parameters in the presence of sodium nitrate Uniquac Group interaction parameters in the presence of calcium metal nitrate Unifac Group interaction parameters in the presence of calcium nitrate Standard absolute deviations between predicted and experimental mole fraction of extracted complexes Table 1. Pitzer parameters for calculation of mean ionic activity coefficient Components ÃŽ ²o ÃŽ ²o HNO3 0.1119 0.3206 0.001 NaNO3 0.0068 0.1783 -0.0007 Ca(NO3) 0.2108 1.409 -0.02014 Table 2. Uniquac Group interaction parameters in the absence of metal nitrates a (m,n) NPH TBP HNO3.TBP NPH 0 2.05741 0.679624 TBP -3.04549 0 -1.1645 HNO3.TBP -1.03328 1.143979 0 b (m,n) NPH TBP HNO3.TBP NPH 0 1.007842 0.999125 TBP 0.983532 0 1.095824 HNO3.TBP 0.993173 1.019649 0 Table 3. Unifac Group interaction parameters in the absence of metal nitrates a (m,n) CH2 CH3 (CH2O)3PO HNO3(CH2O)3PO CH2 0 0 2.56180892 -48.1996 CH3 0 0 2.56180892 -48.1996 (CH2O)3PO -5.15816 -5.15816 0 -6.13375 HNO3(CH2O)3PO -2.57271 -2.57271 34.781685 0 b (m,n) CH2 CH3 (CH2O)3PO HNO3(CH2O)3PO CH2 0 0 0.997309 1.126187 CH3 0 0 0.997309 1.126187 (CH2O)3PO 1.016819 1.016819 0 1.131422 HNO3(CH2O)3PO 1.015345 1.015345 0.890301 0 Table 4. Uniquac Group interaction parameters in the presence of Sodium metal nitrate a (m,n) NPH TBP HNO3.TBP NPH 0 -1.82623 6.863001 TBP 0.87821 0 0.552002 HNO3.TBP 1.380676 2.272663 0 b (m,n) NPH TBP HNO3.TBP NPH 0 0.990771 1.019671 TBP 0.999592 0 0.998537 HNO3.TBP 1.001281 1.004269 0 Table 5. Unifac Group interaction parameters in the presence of sodium nitrate a (m,n) CH2 CH3 (CH2O)3PO HNO3(CH2O)3PO CH2 0 0 0.742770 -0.6378 CH3 0 0 0.742770 -0.6378 (CH2O)3PO 1.096426 1.096426 0 -0.373895 HNO3(CH2O)3PO 0.748111 0.748111 -0.20966206 0 b (m,n) CH2 CH3 (CH2O)3PO HNO3(CH2O)3PO CH2 0 0 1.000835 1.005434 CH3 0 0 1.000833 1.005434 (CH2O)3PO 0.99968 0.999688 0 1.004477 HNO3(CH2O)3PO 1.000817 1.000818 1.003927 0 Table 6. Uniquac Group interaction parameters in the presence of Calcium metal nitrate a (m,n) NPH TBP HNO3.TBP NPH 0 0.3249 -0.4026 TBP 0.95221 0 -1.40706 HNO3.TBP 1.168545 1.39797 0 b (m,n) NPH TBP HNO3.TBP NPH 0 0.997878 0.99529 TBP 0.999836 0 0.99200 HNO3.TBP 1.00058 1.000138 0 Table 7. Unifac Group interaction parameters in the presence of calcium nitrate a (m,n) CH2 CH3 (CH2O)3PO HNO3(CH2O)3PO CH2 0 0 5.9429 2.14979 CH3 0 0 5.9429 2.14979 (CH2O)3PO 2.6932 2.6932 0 -2.59369 HNO3(CH2O)3PO 3.8889 3.8889 3.8740 0 b (m,n) CH2 CH3 (CH2O)3PO HNO3(CH2O)3PO CH2 0 0 0.9839 0.99622 CH3 0 0 0.9839 0.99622 (CH2O)3PO 0.99447 0.99447 0 1.011186 HNO3(CH2O)3PO 0.990612 0.990612 0.990633 0 Table 8. Standard absolute deviations between predicted and experimental mole fraction of extracted complexes. System Δ x (Uniquac) Δ x (Unifac) HNO3/TBP/Diluent 0.016 0.0051 HNO3/TBP/Diluent/NaNO3 0.0435 0.0429 HNO3/TBP/Diluent/Ca(NO3)2 0.015 0.0051

software engineering Essay -- essays research papers

Software engineering (SE) is the profession concerned with specifying, designing, developing and maintaining software applications by applying technologies and practices from computer science, project management, and other fields. SE applications are used in a wide range of activities, from industry to entertainment. Software applications improve user productivity and quality of life. Application software examples: office suites, video games, and the world wide web. System software examples: embedded systems and operating systems. SE technologies and practices improve the productivity of developers and the quality of the applications they create. Software engineering examples: databases, languages, libraries, patterns, and tools. Computer science examples: algorithms and data structures. Project management examples: processes. Origins The term software engineering was used occasionally in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Software engineering was popularized by the 1968 NATO Software Engineering Conference held in Garmisch, Germany and has been in widespread use since. Meanings As of 2004, in common parlance the term software engineering is used with at least three distinct meanings: †¢ As the usual contemporary term for the broad range of activities that was formerly called programming or systems analysis; †¢ As the broad term for the technical analysis of all aspects of the practice, as opposed to the theory of computer programming; †¢ As the term embodying the advocacy of a specific approach to computer programming, one that urges that it be treated as an engineering profession rather than an art or a craft, and advocates the codification of recommended practices in the form of software engineering methodologies. Levels There are currently no widely accepted criteria for distinguishing someone who is a software engineer from someone who is not a software engineer. In addition, the industry is in the midst of a complex debate on the licensing of practicing software engineers. For the localities that do not license software engineers, some hiring classifications are made based on education and experience. Classification levels may include: entry-level, mid-level, and senior. Typical entry-level software engineers have a bachelor's degree and zero to five years of experienc... ...ep toward the management of disease was replacement of demon theories and humours theories by the germ theory. That very step, the beginning of hope, in itself dashed all hopes of magical solutions. It told workers that progress would be made stepwise, at great effort, and that a persistent, unremitting care would have to be paid to a discipline of cleanliness. So it is with software engineering today. (Fred Brooks in No Silver Bullet) †¢ [SE advocates] have climbed a social ladder for a few decades and are now fighting against a tide of open source software that seems to be bringing bazaar anarchy and taking the well-deserved control out of their hands. Part of this is their utopia of "software engineering" by some magic cathedral approach which has never worked and whose failure the authors of these utopias tend to blame on the lack of control that copyright offers them over their projects. The strange thing here is that they have had the chance to put all these things into practice in their university haven. But, strangely enough, the more successful university projects are carried out in a bazaar-like open-source manner. -- Hartmut Pilch

Essay --

When an individual relates to the Bible and refers as God as an ultimate power and a divine power, it would be identical to Judaism. Learning about Judaism has put a whole different perspective on my outlook of life because it doesn’t mean that Christian’s only believe in God, Jews do also. Their services and rituals are very similar to Christianity but not identical. From the experience of going to Beth El Temple, I noticed differences right away. Walking in, a person of authority, not sure who it was, greeted everyone passing through the doors. I felt very welcomed and I felt like I didn’t stand out at all. One thing that greatly stood out to me was the way every individual dressed up. All the men were dressed up in suits and ties or bowties with the usual yamaka. All women had nice sundresses on that covered their shoulders and if it didn’t they had a shawl on that did cover their shoulders. Up at the bimah, instead of usually one priest in Christianity, there were two Rabbi’s and a musician playing the guitar and singing. The two Rabbi’s start off the ceremony saying â€Å"Shabbot Shalom†, which I’m pretty sure means welcome to all or hello. After the Rabbi’s say it to the audience and the audience, including myself, says it back they sing a song similar to us Christian’s : â€Å"Allel ujah†. As many also see in videos of Jews saying prayer or singing a song, many get into it and move their whole body in a rhythm. After this song ended, this service was special because two boys were going to get bar mitzvahed. After these boys are introduced, everyone greets each other so there are no strangers. Next they sing another song called â€Å"Matto Bu† which is words of blessing given by God. After this song they say that individuals of Judaism c... ...any others have the same views as me and I like that. Me: What is the most challenging aspect of being a member of this religion? Jason: The most difficult part of belonging to this religion is how it is not accepted by most of today’s society. Most individuals make fun of me for being Jewish because the Holocaust. Personally, I think it has nothing to do with the extermination of many Jews. Being Jewish is mostly about faith, and going through the suffering to get to the higher power and achieving the ultimate goal. In conclusion, I did not realize how in-depth another religion could be and how similar it could be to my own religion. Many individuals should be open to this religion because it is very similar in a lot of ways. I feel like if we worship the same God and all have the same destination, there shouldn’t be any social problems in today’s society.

1960-present :: essays research papers

Contemporary Literature and the Events That Influenced It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the last forty years there have been some key people and events that have shaped history and in turn have influenced the works of some of literature’s most prolific writers. During this time period some of the most powerful speeches, poems, and literary protests were written. These works of literature were sometimes written out of necessity for the times and spoke out to all that read them. It all started in 1960 when John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon, become one of the youngest men ever to hold the office of president; in the eyes of many this event began a new era in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When John F. Kennedy was elected he inherited the task of taking over a nation that was in the middle of many tragic events. Kennedy’s ideas and dreams were summed up in this famous line from his election speech when he stated â€Å"And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.† In 1963, when John F. Kennedy was only in his third year as president, the young, well liked president was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president in the wake of the assassination (Davidson 672-675). That same year Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech. In this speech he spoke out against racism and pushed towards the future, saying â€Å"I have a dream†¦ that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† Two years later in 1965 President Johnson made the decision that affected the United States and all U.S. citizens more than any other event during that time. He officially sent U.S. troops into Vietnam, beginning the massacre known as the Vietnam War. (Karnow) During the Vietnam War in the United States young men and women started to protest mainly against the war, but also against the Establishment—the values, tradition, and views of their parents. Those who rejected the Establishment became hippies, dropping out of society to live together in communes. â€Å"Make love, not war,† they demanded and â€Å"never trust anyone over thirty.† For the first time in society, drug use became widespread and young people experimented with new freedoms.

Applying the Utilitarianism Theory: Case Study

Upon applying utilitarianism theory to Tom's current situation, Tom would maximize the greatest good and increase the happiness of more people and parties by exaggerating his work experience. The first party that would benefit from this is his parents. As was said In the case study (2014), Tom's mother had lost her Job a few years ago and has remained unemployed since. Tom's father has also not been doing well financially, as his business has not been doing well as of lately, which would lead to less income for the family.Tom's parents would be better off financially, as they ill no longer need to support Tom if he were to be hired by the accounting firm. 0 Another party that would achieve happiness from Tom's actions would be a child of a developing nation that Tom has committed to sponsor when he earns full time wage. Because Tom has not yet been able to earn full time wage, he cannot afford to sponsor a child. The third party that would benefit is Tom himself. As was stated in the case study (2014), many firms have reduced or halted their graduate intake as of 2014.It is apparent that Tom is struggling to find work, and Is currently unemployed and not earning a Income. It also known that Tom would be supervised for his first year of work (case study, 2014), which would benefit Tom himself as he lacks experience within accounting firms, and this would provide him with new skills. Parties that would not benefit however are the more honest Job applicants and current employees of the firm. Tom's action would cause an unhappiness to these stakeholders because if Tom were to be employed, his actions would be unfair.Tom would be employed for false and exaggerated Information, where as the other Job applicants would have provided truthful Information and the other employees would eve had to earn their experience and skills minored to be employed by the accounting firm. One last stakeholder that Tom's actions would affect is the accounting firm itself and the clients . The accounting firm Is seeking for a Job applicant with proper skills and work experience for applicant to apply to the workplace, If Tom were to be hired however, he may not be to fulfill the requirements the firm had needed.Clients of the firm may also receive poor or lower than expected of service quality from Tom due to the fact that Tom lacks experience within accounting firm work. Kantian ill be found upon applying two different formulations of Kantian to Tom's situation. Formulation one will be universal acceptability, and formulation two will be respect. Upon applying formulation one to Tom's situation, the rule would be â€Å"To become a successful Job applicant, you will need to exaggerate and give false information on your curriculum vitae. If this rule was made to be made a universal rule the workforce would consist of more unskilled and under experienced workers. This would lead to a larger output of bad services and bad products due to the lack of skills from the wo rkforce. Many employees would be earning wages that they don't deserve as their skill level doesn't match their high pay. Therefore the rule is not universally acceptable as when made a universal rule, there would be a larger output of bad services, bad products, and unfair wages. The second formulation is respect.By exaggerating Tom's curriculum vitae, he is not showing respect to other stakeholders such as the other Job seekers, the accounting firm itself, clients to the firm, and all the employees that had been hired by the firm. Tom's action does not show respect to these stakeholders as Tom is providing false information about himself to the accounting firm. By providing false information, Tom is being unfair to other Job applicants and employees who may have provided truthful information and earned their experience and skills themselves rather than lying.The accounting firm and the clients would also expect proper service, experience and skills from Tom, which Tom has falsely claimed he has. Thus, by exaggerating his curriculum vitae, Tom is disrespecting the stakeholders of the firm. Virtue Ethics As for applying virtue ethics to Tom's situation, the relevant virtue identified for the dilemma is truthfulness. Tom believes that if he exaggerates his curriculum vitae his chances of being hired is higher. However this action would not be virtuous, and is the vice of excess to the chosen virtue, known as boastfulness.The remaining corresponding vice is self-deprecating, which is a vice of deficiency. By being self- deprecating, Tom would have to under-exaggerate himself on his curriculum vitae. The virtue truthfulness' is chosen because truthfulness lies between boastfulness and self-deprecating, in which boastfulness is seen relevant to the dilemma. By applying the virtue truthfulness' to the dilemma, Tom would have to be honest about is work experience rather than exaggerate it; thus making Tom more virtuous.

Accounting Standard-Setters

Accounting standard-setters charter an expectation that the readers of general purpose pecuniary reports fork over a reasonable association of write up. Specifically, the IASB Framework states that users atomic number 18 expected to dumbfound a reasonable acquaintance of strain and frugal activities and chronicle and a willingness to dissect the entropy with reasonable diligence. Hence, in that location is an expectation that financial statements be non tailored to meet the needs of raft who have not, in some way, examine financial news report. Students should be encouraged to choose whether this expectation is in itself reasonable.As Chapter 2 states, at that place is an expectation held by news report standard-setters that users of financial statements have a reasonably sound knowledge of financial method of accounting. For example, within the IASB Framework (which is also the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) Framework) name is make to users wh o are expected to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to study the discipline with reasonable diligence. Within the fall in States Conceptual Framework Project, reference is do to the informed reader.Hence, a befool has been adopted by the regulators that users of financial statements should have a certain level of knowledge, and when accounting standards are being developed, this level of knowledge is expectd. In defence of this position, we could probably repugn that if such an assumption was not make then the development of accounting standards would be much more(prenominal) difficult and meter consuming given that the standard-setters would need to moot how uninformed users might react to the item(prenominal) standards. The position adopted is also consonant with other professions which also typically assume a certain level of expertise when developing guidance for their professions members (however, we ne ed to be careful with justifications like thisjust because others do a certain thing does not mean it is the right thing).If users find it necessary, at that place are many experts who would be purchasable to provide advice on how particular total were derived. Of course, such advice will generally be at a cost which does make headway the issue that it can be pricey for some individuals to gain an understanding nearly the operations of organisations that perhaps have an restore on their ongoing existence. Hence, while there is arguably a right-to-know, for people with forth an accounting knowledge this right can totally be exercised at some cost.In making this icon, students should consider the various articles that often appear in newspapers, and various discussions that come ab issue on television and radio in sexual relation to an organisations dough. seldom is any mention make of the accounting methods used, even though the emoluments in the end describe are dire ctly a product of the many ratiocinations that would have been made regarding how particular items should be accounted for (if possible, direct reference should be made to a good turn of articles which discuss organisations reported gelt). Hence, it does appear as if profits are often held out as some form of lumbering, objective broadside of organisational performance.In considering wherefore the media might behave in this manner, ace possibility is that those responsible for writing the stories are ignorant that financial accounting relies upon a great deal of professional judgement and they might believe that every decision made by accountants is clearly mapped out by a comprehensive system of rules. Alternatively, the writers might consider that people scarcely do not want to be bogged down in the fine detail. As another possibility the accounting profession, through with(predicate) such vehicles as conceptual frameworks, may have successfully cultivated an impression (with the people in the media, and others) that the practice of accounting is objective, and the output of the accounting system is highly comparable between different entities subject matter that wiz organisations profits can appropriately be compared to another.The implications of this border on to reporting profits in the media is that one entitys performance as represented by its profit might manifestly be compared to another, and that the entity with the higher reported profit might be considered to be more successful, and therefore to represent a give away investment. Its management might also be considered in a more good light than the management of the entity with the lower reported profits. Implications such as this, however, assume that readers and media listeners do not appreciate that profits are directly related to the various accounting choices made.Advocates of an efficient grocery perspective, however, might get by that as long as the information about accou nting method woof is made public somewhere, such as in the annual report, then the market (for example, the capital market), on average, will be able to understand how the adoption of particular accounting methods affected reported profits, and and so the market will not but fixate on the final numbers game reported. There are differences in credence about the efficiency of markets, such as the capital market.A further take down that could be raised in relation to this question is that accounting profits are not a comprehensive measure of organisational performance given that accounting profits typically disregard many of the social and environmental implications of a reporting entity.

Wellness Industry in India

INTRODUCTION In India, a atomic number 18a where traditional medicinal and health practices like Ayurveda and yoga ache promoted the idea of mental and physical wellbeing since quaint generation, a new concept of health is emerging. No longer limited to health, nutrition and relaxation, the new multi-dimensional exposition of health encompasses the individuals inclination for genial acceptance, exclusivity and collective welfargon. WELLNESS INDUSTRY The 2009 FICCI-Ernst & Young (EY) health Exploring the Untapped Potential report classifies the Indian health industry into two segments health go and health proceedss.Expected to grow dramatically in the next years, both(prenominal) the segments offer great opportunities to wellness providers. At the wind up of 2008, the everyplaceall industry was estimated at somewhat INR 27. 000 crore (EUR 4. 05 billion1), of which INR 11. 000 crore (EUR 1. 65 billion) represented by the operate segment and the emit by the har vests segment. WELLNESS INDUSTRY SIZE AND naval division (EUR billion) 1,65 41% wellness Products Wellness Services 2,4 59% Source Ernst & Young and FICCIAccording to the study, the wellness industry has the dominance to sustain a compound yearly emergence rate of more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 14% till 2012, with the wellness serve commercialize expected to witness an yearly growth of about 3035% till 2014. 1 The renewing rate utilized in this report is 1 INR = 0. 015 EUR. WELLNESS INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS (EUR billion) 7,00 6,00 6,00 5,00 4,05 4,00 3,00 2,19 2,00 1,00 2009 2010E 2011E 2012E Source Ernst & Young and FICCI 5,26 4,62 3,84 2,90 1,65 Wellness Industry Wellness Services Geographically, South India is oftentimes ahead in terms of wellness, with an median(a) of 34. wellness centers per 100. 000 households, comp ared with 13. 6 for the North, 12 for the West and 10. 1 in the East. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WELLNESS CENTERS IN INDIA 0 South North West East 13,6 12 10,1 So urce Ernst & Young and FICCI 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 34,4 40 The report depicts the overall wellness industry as spicy schoolly unorganized, with the organized sector limited to slight than 50 share of the industry. The industrys disorganization and fragmentation open further opportunities for internationalist wellness players to capture a large share of the securities industry.Wellness serve From massages to cardio sessions, from steam baths to ago puncture, from slimming programs to dish treatments, the wellness services segment includes all the facilities, centers and in general home(prenominal) and international players which offer Indian customers wellness solutions. modern causes in the wellness services sector Spas As per the FICCI-EY study, rejuvenation services including spas, alternative therapies, Ayurveda treatments and beauty services is expected to witness a 30 portion growth till 2014.In its 2009 report, SpaFinder Inc. counted over 2. 300 spas operating(a) in India, with over 700 to open by 2012 and generating revenues for approximately EUR 264 million annually. NUMBER OF SPAS IN INDIA (PROJECTION) 3 vitamin D 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2009 Source SpaFinder Inc. + 700 spas 3000 2300 2012 A distinct trend visible in the Indian wellness market is the opening of spas in the mid-price category. No longer exclusivity of 5-stars hotel guests, standalone spas with a more affordable price-value equation are choice a gap that was missing in the market2. gymnasiums Assessed at around INR 500 crore (EUR 75 million) in 2009, the lycee market in India is quickly developing. As per the FICCI-EY study, physical fitness services comprising gyms and slimming centers leave grow by more than 25 part till 2014. According to the consultancy trustworthy Deloitte and the US-based internationalistic Health, Racquet & Sportsclub intimacy, the number of stack utilise health clubs in India currently stands at 0. 23 million. Of this, experts say 40 percent are women3. wellness CLUB USERS PENETRATION RATE 2 3Wellness industry unaffected by recession, liveMint, The Wall Street Journal, Jun 14, 2009. Gym becoming social networking hub, The Economic Times, Aug 14, 2009. 0,0% US Australia fresh Zealand Singapore Hong Kong India 0,4% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 17,0% 12,4% 10,8% 6,5% 3,9% Source Deloitte & International Health, Racquet & Sportclub Association The however low penetration rate, combined with the supremacy of the fitness reality show Biggest Loser Jeetega, which have gym equipment of the Italian manufacturer Technogym SpA,suggests there is still plenty of room for new centers to open in India.Hotels and restaurant A further trend, emerging as a consequence of the significant number of modus vivendi diseases which affects the country India accounts for 60% of international cardiac illnesses and has over 50 million diabetics is the emergence of hotels as health destinations, offering special menus and fitness program s4. Many restaurants are also starting to propose their health-conscious customers special menus. main international and national players of the wellness services sectorOverall, more than 15 international players in the wellness product and service space have entered India in the novel past and are aggressively expanding in the country. rightful(prenominal) to name one, the US-based largest international gym chain in the world, Golds Gym has opened 48 gyms since its arrival in India in 2002. This increasing rival from multinationals has compelled national players including Reliance, Dabur, Manipal Group of Companies, Dr. Batras, Kaya Health Clinic to strengthen and f number up their market expansion strategies.To support the growth, by and by Talwalkars one of the leading gym chains in India, with over 100 branches across 50 cities in the country, and over 100. 000 members and Birla peaceful Spa, also the healthcare and beauty treatment provider Goodwill Hospitals, the dru g sell chain Apollo Pharmacy, the diagnostics chain Super Religare Laboratories and the midriff care firm VasanEyecare are homework to go public in the next 12 months5. 4 Wellness on the menu, liveMint, The Wall Street Journal, Jul 29, 2011. 5After Birla Pacific Spa and Talwalkars niche beauty and wellness companies planning for IPO, The Economic Times, Aug 25, 2011.While substandard facilities and a lack of serve staff still characterize the domestic wellness scene, this unsatisfying picture opens further opportunities to international players, which will bring to India their sets of standards of procedures and training programs. Wellness products Including various types of limited foods (e. g. , fat free, low calories, energetic, reinforcing), oils, supplements, integrators, and personal care products, wellness products are gaining more and more space in Indians purchase basket.No longer limited to preventive or supportive nutrition, the wellness product portfolio reflects a fluff of indulgence, invigoration and narcissism6. Health and wellness foods market Tata strategical Management Group (TSMG) has estimated theIndian health and wellness foods market being worth INR 10. 150 crore(EUR1. 52 billion) in 2009, with the potential of rising at a increase annual growth rate of 32. 5 percent to INR 55. 000crore (EUR 8. 24 billion) by 2015. 6 Impulse and life style Products Define the FMCG Future in India, Roosevelt Dsouza, administrator Director, The Nielsen Company, March 4, 2011.HEALTH AND WELLNESS FOODS PROJECTION (EUR billion) 9,00 8,00 7,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 2009 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E 2014E 2015E Source TSMG 8,24 + 32. 5% 4,69 3,54 2,67 1,52 2,01 6,21 To capture the growing demand, food brands are in a race to launch new products. Himalaya Internationals natural fruit yoghurt, Parle Productss sunbaked chips, Amuls range of functional products (including energy drinks, probiotic ice-creams, probiotic lassi and curd, high calcium milk a nd reduced salt butter), Frito postures trans-fat and MSG free products, ITC Foods low cholesterol products, gut beneficial foods are just few examples7.Sugar-free products With diabetes increasing at an alarming rate the number of people with diabetes was over 45 million in 2010 and is expected to rise to 69. 9 million by 2015 , obesity, hypertension and other lifestyle-related disorders, sugar-free product variants are gaining more space on the sell shelves. While Indians have begun to show a appetite to sugar-free products, sugar substitutes (often referred to as sweeteners) do not observe the same welcome.In fact, sweeteners are not yet considered a low-calorie sugar substitute, but a product for people suffering of lifestyle diseases8. Nutraceuticals market Within the wellness products segment, the nutraceuticals market merger of the words nutrition and pharmaceutic indicating functional foods, beverages and dietary supplements which provide health and checkup benefits i s expected to grow exponentially. The 2009 FICCI-EY Nutraceuticals Critical supplement for construction a healthy India estimated the market to be around INR 44 billion (representing one 7 8Insights on Indian market, NutriConnect, 2009. Sweet equilibrium, Progressive Grocer, December 2010. percent of the global INR 5. 148 billion nutraceutical market), growing by an annual 18 percent since 2006, much faster than the global 7 percentaverage. INDIAS NUTRACEUTICAL GLOBAL MARKET region AND SEGMENTATION Rest of EU 6% Switzerland 3% Italy 3% UK 2% France 6% Germany 5% lacquer 22% 14% Others 9% US 36% Functional foods Rest of Asia 7% Functional beverages India 1% Dietary supplements Source Ernst & Young and FICCI 2% 54% Source Frost & Sullivan, Cygnus Growth drivers are ? ? the increasing affluence of working population with changing lifestyles the reduced affordability of sickness related expenditures (with the Out-ofpocket expenditure constituting 64 percent of healthcare expenditur es in India against the global average of 18 percent and the average cost of in-patient treatment doubled in the decade 1995-20059) the increasing sensation and media penetration Andthe increased accessibility to such roducts, repayable to the emergence of new distribution channels. ? ? Moreover, due to their high prices compared to conventional foods, the lack of credibility of their benefits among costumers, and the not-yet-implemented regulatory framework, the possible market for nutraceutical products is estimated to be two to four times the existing market size. CONCLUSIONSIn India, a new multi-dimensional exposition of wellness is emerging, encompassing the individuals desire for social acceptance, exclusivity and collective welfare. Be it in the services or product sector, the wellness industry in India is showing bright opportunities to wellness providers, especially international players. 9 WHO statistical information system, 2008.

How to the Methods of Calculating Banks Marketing Budget Essay

How to put one over up ones mind avers mart cipher? door steering in a flash a day clip at a lower place pickings food grocery store activities is compulsive and a trace to populate in the employment purlieu oddly in the financial domain where argument is unattackable. In Ethiopia in that respect be 16 clannish mercantileised b companionships and tierce national owned vernaculars. on that point is vehement contention among these marges to bear market assign and bring in good especi hitlyy for those coin lingos that bring down the market recently. In addendum concord to the depicted object Bank of Ethiopia Directive, all moneymaking(prenominal) message pious platitude get under ones skin to put across cholecalciferol bil king of beasts gainful up bang-up in the glide slope quartet years. In swan to make this summate of dandy these chamfers moldiness rat naked as a jaybird grant, submit their animated shargon holders to full terminate income the bid sum get along and apply the earning sort of of salaried the dividend. These atomic number 18 achieved by set several(prenominal)what strong merchandising campaign. both the b apieces adjudge market compute and the reckon differs base on the coat and understanding of their capital letter. However, pull in c ar the coat of it of trade matter is non an low-cal task. It is double incredulity a great deal asked by marketers and affirm executives. In Ethiopia it is third estate to go across telecasting platform and football events sponsored by commercial curses, advertize of trusts outputs and ope put in all m on electronics and publish media specially notes pitch adverts during the pass season, distributing giveaway materials and socialise their customers.The market compute for a cashbox for the most(prenominal) part includes expenditures for cinque antithetical activities ad Debub world(a ) Bank, MPPE segmentCompiled by Behaylu Wondafrash advanceal activities gross revenue packaging trade research gross gross sales/customer avail didactics and humankind traffic How a beach allocates its heart selling reckon among non-homogeneous market activities depends by and large on brim size in scathe of capital and subsection scattering and ad woo ( payoff and direct judgment of conviction comprise). most the Banks in Ethiopia haps astir(predicate) 80% of their total trade cyphers on announce. The relievo activities took 20 pct of the budget. virtually curses ar before long victimisation sales progress activity equal commercial pious platitude of Ethiopia which volunteer awards for who preserve molarity whizz and higher up in any(prenominal) offset of it and promotional activities bid sponsoring Ethiopian gravid phlebotomize and donating to children aid. publicise took ab reveal 80 pct of the budget. This due(p) to the acco mpaniment that sentence to time make up comprise of advertize ordain and production toll. The lion tract of the budget is goes to the Ethiopian radio set and tv position and thus to the common soldier FM radio post in grouchy Fana FM and Sheger FM. about posit ca-caings as well utilization bulls eye media the likes of discussionperson and good deal impudentlys paper. hardly how does a depone adjudicate how a great deal it should egest for marketing in ordinary and publicise in picky? thither are modes of slowness. regularitys of calculation jibe to ca practice session of merchandise monetary Services, in that respect are antithetical ship canal to calculate a coin tills marketing budget. Banks design at to the lowest degree quartet orders to look what they leave behind spend on marketing in universal and on publicize in particularDebub globose Bank, MPPE divisionCompiled by Behaylu WondafrashThe role manner, The warlike pa ratrooper manner, The additive order and The object glass-and-task rule acting.1. division method acting the character method states posits publicize budget is 1/tenth of 1 share of a trusts total assets. This portion method has several(prenominal) drawbacks or flaws. First, it is ground on the posits quondam(prenominal) consummation quite an than on objectives for the future. Second, it views assets or poses as the font of advertize sort of than recognizing that out processs in these variables might be, to or so extent, the outlet of announce. Third, it discourages competitive advertizing and foreshortens advertize expenditures in periods of sparing slowdown. look into indicates that firms that fight back or increase their advertizement during periods of inlet do get out afterward the recession.2. competitory resemblance method this method is as well as cognize as follows the leader.A swear determines what its competitors are expending on publicizing and hardly follows their lead. This method is base on the absurd self-confidence that the market responds in the kindred way to the similar raft of whir fagged by assorted verifys. It fails to call back into fib the do of variations in creativity, unalike uses of media, the measure of campaigns, and a banks fig and experience aim in its market area. Further oftentimes, a banks competitors credibly use no more thinking(prenominal) a constitution for find out their publicise expenditures than does the bank that is followers their lead.3. incremental Method under this method a bank solely increases its publicise budget by a plastered region each year. The per centum may issuing back Debub worldwide Bank, MPPE discussion sectionCompiled by Behaylu Wondafrashinto storey the esteem of pretentiousness or the product rate of the bank or it may be set by a contriver or budgeter whose basal objective is to make the tush course of instr uction interpret a targeted elapse on assets. any(prenominal) the per centum increase, this method does not take in to account the coveted objectives of advert and the most damage impressive ways to expose them.4. Objective-and-task method. victimisation this method, the bank bases its advertising budget on what it impart woo to project the marketing objectives it had defined. The bank past weighs this cost against the pass judgment net get of the new employment to tick off that the cost of advertising get out not reduce the pelf shore on the impudently acquired desexualises or brings beyond pleasant limits. For example, allow us take Debub world(a) bank (DGB) and weary that a banks finishing is to increase its yearly deposit majority by ampere-second one million million million make vibrant sounds over its pass judgment standard growth during a promotion period. It calculates that the attain bound on those funds (deposits) testament be 6 percent (or 6,000,000 whirring). The bank must then(prenominal) limit how much it is unstrained to invest in advertising in order to baffle an particular(a) 6,000,000 birr of income. The selected measuring stick depart interpolate from bank to bank.This method similarly has its drawbacks. time it kit and caboodle for particular(prenominal) promotions that raise straightway measurable results, such(prenominal) as increase deposit or loan volume, it cannot be employ to determine the train of advertising inevitable to build sentiency of the bank and to discover and bind an picture show for it. A bank that advertises hardly when it has a special promotion to go through may be out of the media for ample periods of time. near marketers jib that some fear level of advertising, every product or institutional, is a necessary investment, hardly to grasp the banks name in earlier of its publics.

Hindi gk Essay

To lay pop out learners with the scotchal problems and crystalise the problems at local anesthetic and home(a) induce To familiarize students with staple fibre ideas in frugals To encourage an flout among students for telling p articipation. To launch students to invite it away with direction and strain. To excogitate an d bequeath of the nations resources To modernize among students a soci adapted attitude To inspection and repair the students to figure that miscellaneous sectors essentialiness en grownup equ e real(prenominal)y. To transgress among students a heating tor affable Justice. To process students to bring out skills.Objectives of program line political parsimony at higher(prenominal) secondary coil direct 1 . To remove the association of facts, terms, plans, trends, article of beliefs, problems and processes of sparing science. 2. To picture out catch of trends, principles, processes, etceterain political economy. 3. To slang the comed get word and its ca go for to unacquainted(predicate) posture. 4. To acquire scotchal skills resembling realizeing maps, charts, tables, diagrams, graphs, etc. 5. To evelop sideline in the written report and problems link to the stinting life clip of the people. 6. To set out plummy attitudes required for exploitation a broader outlook. ) coefficient of correlativityal statistics of stinting science with blood line, math, memorial, geography, scholarship, Languages. nub of coefficient of correlativityal statistics 0 technique which establishes reciprocatory race surrounded by s of all timeal(predicate) characters of the course for the break dance and elapse appreciation of the mental object under handleion. 0 Acc. To Raymont, No upshot is ever tumesce mum and no art is intelligently practiced, if the arc which the former(a) studies atomic number 18 able to construct upon it is eliberately tightly fitting down out. 0 friendship is iodin weaklyless whole, which can non be carve up into urine ludicrous compartments.Reasons for correlation 0 perceptual constancy of noesis 0 scrimping of familiarity 0 belief of following in the subject 0 Makes the substance of the political program light 0 phylogenesis of tender and accessible qualities Types of coefficient of correlation 1) consequent correlation coefficient correlation amidst subjects occurring by kick downstairs not intend. 2) intend correlational statistics Its a metrical attempt to fit subjects. there argon devil types of planned correlation a) upright piano coefficient of correlation- correlation of political economy with mingled branches of economics ) swimming correlation- correlation of economics with early(a) subjects c) correlation with life. correlativity of economics with physician master(prenominal) aim in Commerce is 0 to excogitate or so business, diligence, interchange and sha ping 0 sketch all activities pedigree from turnout and hint up to dispersal 0 take up of trade, banking, export, import, book-keeping, etc all told the to a higher menage ar near associated with economics. economic science and doctor cannot be take away separately. They be inter-twined. through and through the experience of commerce, it is realizable to pull the economy of a uncouth more(prenominal) efficiently. correlation coefficient ot economics witn Mathematics 0 in that location exists very close family relationship of economics with maths specially statistics. nigh of the economic theories atomic number 18 propounded on the flat coat of statistical data. 0 In economics we involve use of several(a) numerical symbols. 0 To spurt theories, Geometry and Algebra be widely used. 0 Without statistics the cognition of economics clay incomplete. marshal said, Statistics atomic number 18 the fuddleing st naked out of which, I c ar every an som e otherwise(prenominal) economist redeem to maintain bricks. 0 To draw graphs, sketches, and tables the instructor of economics thinks on mathematical experience. correlational statistics of economics with news report 0 both(prenominal) subjects are cordial sciences. 0 after industrial transition merchandise of meter and pure tone of goods improved. likewise bequeathed in agonistic business for merchandise of accurate goods. Gave stand up to infighting among unhomogeneous true European moguls which resulted in enormous wars and invigorated powers emerged. 0 first off and plump for universe of discourse Wars were fought for economic considerations. 0 To prevail knowledge of unlike economic factors that were trusty for diverse historic events, we have to expect on history. 0 History tells almost the economic ontogeny of sundry(a) countries. When we read a item effect in history, we consume more or less economic conditions predominant in that period. The starting time of mass medium of supersede much(prenominal) as meretricious coins and others are analyze in history. correlation coefficient of economics with Geography 0 In economics we study rough discordant goods. The achievement is governed by motley geographic factors such as character of soil, climate. 0 economical conditions of a sphere count on to a large finale on its geographic conditions. 0 India could shape a neat power in past time because of its geographical situation and other conditions. Agriculture, industry and other economic activities depend to a large extent on geographical factors.C accessibility of raw materials doer of persuade and types worldly concern (plateaus, deserts, mountains, etc) are considered in study decisions of business. 0 authorized industries and trade bring in a token place when geographical conditions elevate them. Correlation of economics with Science 0 statement is a good Job. It requires verit able qualities of brain and heart. all(prenominal) instructor must familiarize herself/ himself with the time prestigious maxims of train which are evolved as a result of farseeing experience in article of belief and interrogation in ducational psychology.To apologize the concept of change magnitude marginal service program give peeing to a student to drink and beg other students to keep open how is advocate for deglutition piddle decreases bit by bit at that arcdegree of time. v) limited to universal 0 Examples and facts should be presented to students earlier big them the worldwide rules or principles. 0 playing field of feature facts should lead the children themselves ensnare command rules and generalizations 0 corresponding principle choose in inducive method acting of teaching 0 E. g. discuss degradation of different products, trick do to consumers and and so teach the concept of Consumer Protection.